A scroll of the Book of Esther, one of the five megillot of the Tanakh According to Marc Zvi Brettler, the Jewish scriptures outside the Torah and the Prophets were fluid, with different groups seeing authority in different books.
100 AD perhaps at a hypothetical Council of Jamnia-however, this position is increasingly criticised by modern scholars.
Evidence suggests that the process of canonization occurred between 200 BC and 200 AD, and a popular position is that the Torah was canonized c. Rabbinic Judaism (Hebrew: יהדות רבנית) recognizes the twenty-four books of the Masoretic Text, commonly called the Tanakh (Hebrew: תַּנַ"ךְ) or Hebrew Bible. Some Christian groups have other canonical books which are considered holy scripture but not part of the Bible. The Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and Assyrian Christian churches may have differences in their lists of accepted books. The Catholic Church and Eastern Christian churches hold that certain deuterocanonical books and passages are part of the Old Testament canon. The second part is the New Testament, containing 27 books: the four canonical gospels, Acts of the Apostles, 21 Epistles or letters and the Book of Revelation. The first part of Christian Bibles is the Old Testament, which contains, at minimum, the 24 books of the Hebrew Bible but divided into 39 ( Protestant) or 46 ( Catholic) books (including deuterocanonical works) and ordered differently. The Septuagint (in Koine Greek), which closely resembles the Hebrew Bible but includes additional texts, is used as the Christian Greek Old Testament, at least in some liturgical contexts. It is composed mainly in Biblical Hebrew. The Jewish Tanakh (sometimes called the Hebrew Bible) contains 24 books divided into three parts: the five books of the Torah ("teaching") the eight books of the Nevi'im ("prophets") and the eleven books of Ketuvim ("writings"). Differences exist between the Hebrew Bible and Christian biblical canons, although the majority of manuscripts are shared in common.ĭifferent religious groups include different books in their biblical canons, in varying orders, and sometimes divide or combine books. Some books, such as the Jewish–Christian gospels, have been excluded from various canons altogether, but many disputed books are considered to be biblical apocrypha or deuterocanonical by many, while some denominations may consider them fully canonical. Various biblical canons have developed through debate and agreement on the part of the religious authorities of their respective faiths and denominations.
The use of the word "canon" to refer to a set of religious scriptures was first used by David Ruhnken, in the 18th century. The English word canon comes from the Greek κανών kanōn, meaning " rule" or " measuring stick". A biblical canon is a set of texts (also called "books") which a particular Jewish or Christian religious community regards as part of the Bible.
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